Click "Print Lesson" button to use your browser print Student Name: Alethea
Date Printed: Jan 11, 2015
Science 3
Unit 7: Human Body
Lesson 1: Introduction to the Musculoskeletal System
Duration: Approx. 60 min.
There are one or more assessments in this lesson. Offline assessments and answer keys can be printed from the materials lists. Online assessments must be printed from the assessment itself within the lesson.
Firefox cannot print Flash images. The on-screen images might print as blank spaces. If you need to print this lesson, try using Internet Explorer so that all the images print.
Lesson 1: Introduction to the Musculoskeletal System
| | cartilage [KAHR-tl-ij] |
| Strong, flexible tissue that forms the skeleton of some fish. A shark's skeleton is not hard and bony, but is made of flexible cartilage. |
| joint | |
| A point where two bones meet, and which generally make movement possible. Knuckles are one kind of finger joint. |
| ligament | |
| A sheet or band of tough, fibrous tissue connecting bones or cartilage at a joint or supporting an organ. We have ligaments in our leg joints. |
| | musculoskeletal [muhs-kyuh-loh-SKEH-luh-tl] |
| |
| musculoskeletal system | |
| a system of the body made of the muscles and skeleton |
| tendon | |
| A band of tough, inelastic fibrous tissue that connects a muscle with a bone. Tendons help our muscles move our bones. |
| | vertebrae [VUR-tuh-bray] |
| The small bones that make up the backbone. The bumps you feel in your back are your vertebrae. |
This activity is best completed online.
| Why don't we flop around like jellyfish on land? Because our bones and muscles work together to hold our parts upright. They also allow us to move ourselves and other things around. | | |||||
| Lesson Overview
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This activity is best completed online.
| Bones and Muscles Work Together Your body has all sorts of different parts. Let's look at the human body more closely and learn about how bones and muscles work together. |
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| Your entire body is made up of cells, each one so tiny that it takes trillions of them to make one of you. Most are so small you can't see them without a microscope. Not only do these tiny things make up your body, they are working all the time to keep you alive and well. Cells have many different sizes and shapes, and each has its own job to do. Together they work to keep your body going strong. | |
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| Let's start with the smallest pieces of the body and put things together. Groups of the same type of cells form tissues, such as muscle, nerve, or skin tissue. Groups of tissues work together to form organs. Your heart and stomach are both organs. Can you think of any others? [1] Organs also work together to form systems. The circulatory and digestive systems are just two of your body's systems. Your mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines are all organs that help make up your digestive system. Can you name any of your other body systems? [2] Finally, what does a group of systems working together form? It forms you! | |
|
Answer(s):
[1]
[1] Answers may vary, and could include lungs, brain, small intestine, large intestine, bone, skin.
[2] Answers may vary, and could include one or more of the following: nervous, excretory, muscular, endochrine, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, reproductive, skeletal, immune, and skin system.
[2] Answers may vary, and could include one or more of the following: nervous, excretory, muscular, endochrine, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, reproductive, skeletal, immune, and skin system.
| Which of your body systems is made up of bones that all fit together to give you shape and help you stand tall? [3] You have many different types of bones. They help support and protect your body. Some bones are large and long, such as those in your legs. Some are small and short, such as those in your fingers and toes. Your skull is curved in some places and flat in others. It's a bone that protects your brain from bumps and scrapes. What bones curve around your chest to protect your heart and lungs? [4] | |
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Answer(s):
[1]
[3] skeletal system
[4] ribs
[4] ribs
| The bones of your skeleton meet at joints. Some bones, such as those in your skull, are fused. Fused bones are joined together permanently. Most joints, however, are made for moving. You wouldn't be able to bend at all without joints. Bones are held to each other at joints by strands and cords of stretchy tissue called ligaments. But ligaments can't make your bones move. They just hold them together. It's your muscles that make you move. In order to move, muscles must pull on your bones. To do that, the muscles and bones have to be attached. That's done with other strands of stretchy tissue called tendons. When your muscles pull on the tendons, the tendons pull on the bones and you bend at the joint. | |
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Answer(s):
[1]
Some people are said to be "double-jointed." They don't really have two joints, but extra long ligaments that allow their joints to bend farther than usual.
| A third type of skeletal tissue is cartilage (KAHR-tl-ij). Cartilage is the strong but bendable tissue that forms your ears and the tip of your nose. Did you ever wonder why you can bend your ears without breaking them? Gently bend your ears with your fingers. That's cartilage you're bending. Cartilage has other uses, too. Along with liquid sacs, it covers the ends of bones to keep them from grinding. It also forms cushions between bones. The cartilage in your knee acts as a shock absorber for walking, running, and jumping. Disks of cartilage cushion and support your spine, too. A cartilage disk sits between the small bones, called vertebrae (VUR-tuh-bray), in your backbone. Imagine jumping up and down without any cartilage between your bones. Everything would scrape and scratch, from your neck to your toes. Ouch! | |
|
Answer(s):
[1]
Sharks, rays, and skates are fish with skeletons made entirely of cartilage.
| Your bones help support your body and give you shape. They also help protect the organs inside your body. But your bones aren't just thrown together higgledy-piggledy. They make a definite shape. What do your bones form when they are all in place? [5] Let's put together all the pieces: Where your bones meet they form joints. Joints are where your body bends and moves. Bones are held together at joints by ligaments. Ligaments are strong enough to keep the bones in place, but stretchy enough to let them turn and twist. Tendons attach your muscles to your bones. Muscles make the bones move by pulling on the tendons. And cartilage keeps your bones from grinding against each other. It cushions them like "mini-pillows." The combination of bones, joints, and muscles makes up your musculoskeletal system, which lets you push and pull things around. A jellyfish can't ever do that! | |
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Answer(s):
[1]
[5] your skeleton
| Your skeletal system gives your body support and protection, but it can't move without the muscular system. Other body systems work with your muscles and skeleton, too. Your muscles can't move without getting signals through nerves from your brain, which is part of your nervous system. And your muscles and bones get their energy from food processed by your digestive system. They get the building blocks they need to grow that way, too. You are made up of a group of systems all working together. Together they let you work--and play! | |
This activity is best completed online.
| How Do Joints Move? Your body can bend and move in many directions. How do the joints in our bodies affect the way we move? Explore the joints in your own body to find out. |
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| Follow the instructions in your student guide to complete this activity. | |||||||||||
Lesson Assessment: Introduction to the Musculoskeletal System
Print this offline assessment and answer key using the links below. You will need to enter your student's results online later.
Click "Print Lesson" button to use your browser print Student Name: Alethea
Date Printed: Jan 11, 2015
Science 3
Unit 7: Human Body
Lesson 2: Bone Identification
Duration: Approx. 60 min.
There are one or more assessments in this lesson. Offline assessments and answer keys can be printed from the materials lists. Online assessments must be printed from the assessment itself within the lesson.
Firefox cannot print Flash images. The on-screen images might print as blank spaces. If you need to print this lesson, try using Internet Explorer so that all the images print.
For the Adult
Lesson 2: Bone Identification
| | cartilage [KAHR-tl-ij] |
| Strong, flexible tissue that forms the skeleton of some fish. A shark's skeleton is not hard and bony, but is made of flexible cartilage. |
| Cranium | |
| The portion of the skull enclosing the brain. |
| | femur [FEE-mur] |
| |
| Femur | |
| A bone of the upper leg, found between the pelvis and knee in humans. |
| | fibula [FIH-byuh-luh] |
| |
| Humerus | |
| The long bone of the arm, extending from the shoulder to the elbow. |
| | phalanges [fuh-LAN-jeez] |
| |
| Phalanges | |
| The finger bones. |
| radius | |
| Long, slightly curved bone, the shorter and thicker of the two forearm bones, located on the opposite side of the ulna. |
| Scapula | |
| Either of two large, flat, triangular bones forming the back part of the shoulder. Also called the shoulder blade. |
| | tibia [TIH-bee-uh] |
| |
| Tibia | |
| The inner and larger of the two bones of the lower human leg, extending from the knee to the ankle. |
| Ulna | |
| The bone extending from the elbow to the wrist on the side opposite the thumb in humans. |
| Vertebra | |
| Any of the bones forming the spinal column. |
| | vertebrae [VUR-tuh-bray] |
| The small bones that make up the backbone. The bumps you feel in your back are your vertebrae. |
This activity is best completed online.
| Bones let us stand upright. How else do bones help the body? Explore the bones in the human body to find out what they do. | | |||||||
| Lesson Overview
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This activity is best completed online.
| Types of Bones Your body is made up of bones with different shapes and functions. Let's take a closer look at them to understand them better. |
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| Bones support your body and give you your shape. Without your bones, you’d just be a blob, instead of the good-looking creature you are. Bones also help protect the organs inside your body. Muscles make your bones move at the joints, which allows you to push and pull and pick up and scratch and fling and examine things in the world. In that sense, bones affect not just you, but the whole world around you. Bones are attached to other bones by ligaments. Muscles are attached to bones by tendons. And cartilage (KAHR-tl-ij) at the joints helps cushion the bones as they twist and turn while you do all that investigating of the world. | |
| Where did your bones come from? When you were still inside your mother, your skeleton was mostly cartilage. After you were born, certain cells that cover the cartilage began to take in calcium from your blood. That calcium came from the milk you drank as a baby. Those cells formed the first bone tissue in the cartilage, causing it to harden. Other cells continued to reshape this first bone and replaced it with even stronger bone. In fact, cartilage continues to grow and be replaced by hard bone for about 20 years, until we are fully grown. | |
| As babies grow older the bones fuse, or join together. Infants have 33 separate bones, called vertebrae (VUR-tuh-bray), in their backbone. As they grow older, nine of these grow together to form larger bones. So the backbone of an adult has only 26 bones. | |
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Answer(s):
[1]
You start out with about 300 bones in your body, but as you get older some of these join together. When you are fully grown, you have about 206 bones in your body. There are 27 in your hand alone!
| Bones have many sizes and shapes, but with a pattern. A bone's shape is related to its job. They can be divided into four main kinds: long, short, flat, and irregular. Arms and legs have long bones. They are strong to support your weight. Your leg bones are like mighty columns, holding up the building that is you. | |
| Your short bones are mainly in your wrists, hands, ankles, and feet. Short bones are about as wide as they are tall. Many are like cubes. Flat bones, such as your ribs and skull, protect organs. Do you see how your ribs are like a cage, keeping everything safely inside? Irregular bones form shapes that don't fit in with the other types of bones. Your vertebrae and the three small bones in your ear are good examples. | |
| All the bones in your body, whether short or long, flat or irregular, have names. Scientists use these names to describe exactly which bone they mean--it wouldn't do to just say, "the sort of biggish one over on this side." Can you imagine doctors trying to talk about a broken bone that way? Learn some of the names of bones that make up your skeleton. As you click on the image, say the name of the bone. Then describe its shape. Is it short, long, flat, or irregular? Finally, say in what way the bone is used in the body. Does it support, protect, or move? Watch out--most bones have more than one function. | |
This activity is best completed online.
| Bone Sort What do the bones in the human body look like? Do they have names? Discover the world under the skin that enables us to have a shape. Follow the instructions in your student guide to complete this activity. |
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This activity is best completed online.
| Skeleton Concentration Show your knowledge of the human skeleton system by playing a game. Follow the instructions in your student guide to complete this activity. |
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Lesson Assessment: Bone Identification
Print this offline assessment and answer key using the links below. You will need to enter your student's results online later.
Click "Print Lesson" button to use your browser print Student Name: Alethea
Date Printed: Jan 11, 2015
Science 3
Unit 7: Human Body
Lesson 3: Bone Structure
Duration: Approx. 60 min.
There are one or more assessments in this lesson. Offline assessments and answer keys can be printed from the materials lists. Online assessments must be printed from the assessment itself within the lesson.
Firefox cannot print Flash images. The on-screen images might print as blank spaces. If you need to print this lesson, try using Internet Explorer so that all the images print.
For the Adult
*scissors
*bread - refrigerated dough rolls (2)
*ruler, metric
*clay, oil-based modeling - red and yellow
*jar, with lid - 1 quart
*tape, masking
*knife
*puffed rice - cereal
*toothpick (6)
*tongs
*chicken leg, cooked
*vinegar, white - 750 mL (3 cups)
*toilet paper - tube
*soap, dishwashing, antibacterial liquid
*vinegar
*string - blue yarn
Investigation: Make a Bone Model
1 day
Purchase uncooked bread dough, puffed rice cereal, and blue yarn. Your student will use thinly rolled dough to make a model of a bone.
Beyond The Lesson: Why Are Bones Hard?
1 day
Cook the chicken leg before beginning the activity with your student.
Lesson 3: Bone Structure
| | cartilage [KAHR-tl-ij] |
| Strong, flexible tissue that forms the skeleton of some fish. A shark's skeleton is not hard and bony, but is made of flexible cartilage. |
| compact bone | |
| The hard, outside part of the bone that gives the bone its strength. |
| | femur [FEE-mur] |
| |
| growth plate | |
| A plate of cartilage located near each end of long bones of growing children and teens. Growth plates gradually disappear as the cartilage is replaced by bone and growth stops. |
| irregular bone | |
| A bone that is not classified as long, short, or flat, often with a complex shape. The vertebrae and the bones of the inner ear are irregular bones. |
| marrow | |
| The substance filling marrow cavities in the bone. Red marrow makes blood cells (including red and white blood cells). Yellow marrow stores fat. |
| spongy bone | |
| Light bone tissue that contains open spaces. Spongy bone is also strong because its bony connections give it support. |
Investigation: Make a Bone Model
Be careful when using sharp tools.
This lesson involves working with food. Before beginning, check with your doctor, if necessary, to find out whether your student will have any allergic reactions.
This activity is best completed online.
| Bones come in many shapes and sizes. Bones help protect, support, and move the body. But what are bones made of? Why are they hard? Why are they light? Learn about the structure and the functions of different types of bones. Then make a model and discover the important parts of bones. | | |||||||
| Lesson Overview
|
This activity is best completed online.
| The Structure of Bones Let's review the different types of bones you learned about in the previous lesson. After we review the bones, we'll learn about the structure and the functions of various types of bones. |
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| Review Bone Types Click, clack, clatter! Your skeleton is made up of more than 200 bones. Luckily, we can think of bones as belonging to only four main types: long, short, flat, and irregular. The shape of each bone is related to its function. Your long bones make their body parts strong. They are the bones of your arms and legs. Short bones, found in your wrists, hands, ankles, and feet, are chunky and small. Flat bones, such as your skull and ribs, both protect and support your organs. Irregular bones form interesting shapes that don't fit into the other three main types. Your vertebrae are irregularly shaped bones. So are the three small bones in your ear. | |
| Bones, Hard and Strong You've probably seen drawings of skeletons, maybe flapping from a tree branch on Halloween night. So it's natural to think of bones as "dead," or as being something like rocks. But that's wrong! The bones inside you are very much alive. Bones are rock-hard thanks to minerals they contain, such as calcium. But bones are living tissue made up of many different kinds of cells, with blood vessels and nerves. Bone cells are constantly breaking down old hard bone and making new. They don't just "sit there," like bricks in a wall. Instead, they are busy being alive. Although they are hard and strong, bones are fairly light and even a little flexible. Their lightness lets you run and jump around. During a fall, slightly flexible bones bend a bit, rather than snap. Sometimes, bones do break, especially when they are twisted. But bones contain cells that can repair the breaks. | |
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Answer(s):
[1]
Osteoporosis is a disease in which the bones become brittle and weaker, and more easliy break.
| How can bones be both hard and strong...and light and flexible? To find out, we'll look at a bone from the inside out. Look at the illustration of a femur (FEE-mur), or thighbone. The long part of a long bone like the femur is shaped like a tube. The middle is hollow, which makes the bone light. The outside layer, though, is rock-hard with minerals. The hard outside part is called compact bone. Compact bone tissue forms the outside of the entire bone, and makes it strong. Compact bone contains both blood vessels and nerves. These reach all the way to the outermost layer of the bone, connecting to the blood vessels and nerves in the rest of the body. | |
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Answer(s):
[1]
The tubes carrying blood vessels and nerves in compact bone are called Haversian canals. The name comes from the English physician Clopton Havers who studied bones in the late 1600s.
| Now look at the end of the bone near where it connects to another bone at a joint (the hip, in this case). Notice the open spaces? Don't they look like the surface of a sponge? That's why this bone is called spongy bone. Spongy bone tissue is light because of all those open spaces. It is also strong, with all those bony connections giving it support. The spaces in spongy bone, and in the hollow center of long bones, are not empty. They are filled with a jelly-like tissue called marrow. The central hollow section of long bones of adults usually contains yellow marrow. Yellow marrow stores fats. The spaces in spongy bone are filled with red marrow. Red marrow makes blood cells. | |
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Answer(s):
[1]
Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout your body. White blood cells are warrior cells that fight infections. Both of these types of blood cells are formed in the red marrow of your bones.
| As you grow, your long bones grow by adding new bone at two growth plates of cartilage (KAHR-tl-ij). These plates are located between the long part and the knobby head of the bone. As you approach your final size, the plates become thinner and disappear as the cartilage is replaced by bone. When that happens, you are fully grown. | |
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| Your body works to keep your bones strong. Cells in your body break down old hard bone and form new bone all the time. Your body uses nutrients and minerals, especially calcium, that come from the food you eat to form new bone tissue. Bones strengthen when pressure is put on them, like with exercise and bigger muscles. So the more you exercise, the stronger your bones become. People always say to eat a balanced diet and exercise. Now you know one reason--it builds up strong bones. | |
This activity is best completed online.
SAFETY: Be careful when using sharp tools.
This lesson involves working with food. Before beginning, check with your doctor, if necessary, to find out whether your student will have any allergic reactions.
| Make a Bone Model Discover the world inside a bone by making a model. Learn about the parts of bones that make up the human skeleton. Follow the instructions in your student guide to complete this activity |
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Lesson Assessment: Bone Structure
Print this offline assessment and answer key using the links below. You will need to enter your student's results online later.
This activity is best completed online.
| Why Are Bones Hard Why are the bones of our skeleton hard? Experiment to find out the secret mineral in our bones that makes them hard. Follow the instructions in your student guide to complete this activity. |
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Click "Print Lesson" button to use your browser print Student Name: Alethea
Date Printed: Jan 11, 2015
Science 3
Unit 7: Human Body
Lesson 4: Joints in the Human Body
Duration: Approx. 60 min.
There are one or more assessments in this lesson. Offline assessments and answer keys can be printed from the materials lists. Online assessments must be printed from the assessment itself within the lesson.
Firefox cannot print Flash images. The on-screen images might print as blank spaces. If you need to print this lesson, try using Internet Explorer so that all the images print.
For the Adult
*straws
*toothpick - a few
*clay, oil-based modeling - any color
*pencil
*tape, masking
Lesson 4: Joints in the Human Body
| ball-and-socket joint | |
| A place where bones meet that lets the joint move in all directions. Your shoulder is a ball-and-socket joint. |
| | cartilage [KAHR-tl-ij] |
| Strong, flexible tissue that forms the skeleton of some fish. A shark's skeleton is not hard and bony, but is made of flexible cartilage. |
| | femur [FEE-mur] |
| |
| gliding joint | |
| A place where bones meet and slide or glide along each other. Gliding joints don't allow as much movement as ball-and-socket or hinge joints, but they do allow small movements in many directions. |
| hinge joint | |
| A place where bones meet that allows them to move back and forth like the hinge of a door, but not to twist around. |
| | humerus [HYOO-mur-uhs] |
| |
| ligaments | |
| Tough bands of tissue that connect bones to one another. |
| marrow | |
| Soft tissue found inside most bones. Red marrow produces blood cells, and yellow marrow stores fat. |
| | phalanges [fuh-LAN-jeez] |
| |
| pivot joint | |
| A place where bones meet that allows for turning in a circular motion. |
| | scapula [SKA-pyuh-luh] |
| |
| tendons | |
| Strong bands of tissue that attach muscles to bones. |
| | tibia [TIH-bee-uh] |
| |
| | vertebra [VUR-tuh-bruh] |
| |
This activity is best completed online.
| There are many types of joints that allow the human body to move. Review the four main types of joints and examples of each. Then, do an experiment with your thumb to discover the importance of this joint. | | |||||||
| Lesson Overview
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This activity is best completed online.
| Understanding Our Joints Explore the different types of joints in the human body. Gain an understanding of how various types of joints move. |
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| Just underneath your skin is a dancing, prancing skeleton--your bones are alive! Bone cells, blood vessels, and nerves extend throughout them. Your bones are just as much living things as the rest of you. The strength of bones comes from calcium-rich material in them. Their lightness comes from holes. Long bones, for example, are shaped like a tube, with compact bone around the outside and hollow in the middle. They have spider-like networks of hard material around many little holes at the knobby ends, too. This spongy bone looks like a sponge, but is tough as a rock. Red marrow fills up the small spaces in spongy bone, where it makes blood cells. Jelly-like yellow marrow fills the central hollow section of long bones of adults. Yellow marrow stores fats until the body needs them. | |
|
Answer(s):
[1]
Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout your body. White blood cells are warrior cells that fight infections. Both of these types of blood cells are formed in the red marrow of your bones.
| Now think back. Can you remember what holds bones together at your joints? Ligaments hold bones so they don't slip apart. Ligaments are strong enough to keep the bones in place, but stretchy enough to let them move. But ligaments just connect your bones. What moves a bone? The answer is muscles. Muscles pulling on your bones let your body bend in all sorts of ways. Tendons attach muscles to bones so they can be pulled. And cartilage (KAHR-tl-ij) cushions bones to keep them from grinding. This is all good to know. But how can your body turn...twist...bend...bow...so many different ways? It's because your body has various kinds of joints. | |
| If you'd heard of joints before, you may have thought they came in only one kind. If so, you were probably thinking of a hinge joint. Bend your leg right now. Bend your other leg. Your knee is a hinge joint. Hinge joints let the bones move back and forth like the hinge of a door. The hinge joint in your knee is where the lower end of your thigh bone, the femur (FEE-mur) fits into grooves at the upper end of the large bone of your lower leg, the tibia (TIH-bee-uh). The hinge joint allows back-and-forth movement in one direction. In other words, you can swing your lower leg back and forth at the knee, but you can't swing it from side to side there. In fact, though, hinge joints are only one kind of joint. We classify joints as four main types: hinge, ball and socket, gliding, and pivot. | |
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Answer(s):
[1]
Show your student the hinges on a door. Ask your student to open and close a door to demonstrate how the hinge on the door, like the hinge joint in his knee, allows back and forth movement in one direction. Tell your student that his elbow also has a hinge joint.
| Hinge joints, such as the one in your knee, bend in one direction. That's a good start, but if hinge joints were all you had, you'd move like a robot. Ball-and-socket joints let a joint move in all directions. Your shoulder is a ball-and-socket joint. Move your arm around at your shoulder now. See how you can swing it in a wide circle? You can't do that with a hinge joint. It's hard even to imagine doing that with your knee! How does a ball-and-socket joint work? It's simpler than you might guess. The top end of your upper arm bone, the humerus (HYOO-mur-uhs) is shaped like a round ball at the end. This ball-shaped end fits into a cup-shaped socket on your shoulder blade, the scapula (SKA-pyuh-luh). The ball rolls around inside the socket. The socket, along with ligaments, keeps the joint together. | |
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Answer(s):
[1]
Explain to your student that the ball-and-socket motion, like in his shoulder, is limited mainly by how deep the socket is and by connections of the parts to the surrounding tissue. Tell your student that his hip is another ball and socket joint.
| The short bones in your wrists (carpals) form gliding joints with one another. Unlike the joints we've already seen, gliding joints don't have one bone that fits into a groove, or socket, of another bone. In gliding joints, the flat parts of the bones slide along each other. Gliding joints don't allow for as much movement as ball and socket or hinge joints, but they do allow for small movements in many directions. What type of joints do you have in the middle of your fingers, called phalanges (fuh-LAN-jeez)? [1] Hint: Can you twist your fingers around in all directions? Can you make only small movements in many directions? Or can you bend your fingers back and forth in only one direction? | |
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Answer(s):
[1]
[1] hinge joints
[2]
Tell your student that when many sliding joints are near each other, as in the wrist, the small motions add up to make a larger motion. Have your student move his wrist around to watch this motion. Tell your student his ankle also has sliding joints.
| Shake your head "no." The top of your neck has a pivot joint that allows you to do this. A C-shaped notch in the vertebra (VUR-tuh-bruh) at the top of your spine rests on a knob that sticks out from the next vertebra below it. This allows your neck to twist around sideways. But, unlike a ball-and-socket joint that allows the bone to move in any direction, the C-shaped notch lets your head pivot side to side only. So how do you move your head in many directions? You can nod "yes" because of a separate hinge joint between the base of your skull and the top vertebra. Your other neck bones allow your head to tilt sideways. So you can move your head many ways. If you had only a hinge joint, you could nod "yes" but not shake your head "no." That would make things a lot harder, no? | |
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Answer(s):
[1]
Ask your student to imagine his head attached to the C-shaped notch, saying “no” as it pivots.
This activity is best completed online.
| What Kind of Joint Is It? Your body is made up of many types of joints that help you move in all directions. Make a clay model of one joint to explore how it moves. Follow the instructions in your student guide to complete this activity. |
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Answer(s):
[1]
1) Your student may want to experiment with different depths of cups (sockets) to see how this affects the range of motion of the ball. (The shoulder has a shallow socket. The hip has a deeper socket.)
2) Your student may choose to make clay models of the other joints in the body: pivot, gliding, and hinge joints. Some models may need additional materials. Have your student experiment with additional materials such as straws and toothpicks.
2) Your student may choose to make clay models of the other joints in the body: pivot, gliding, and hinge joints. Some models may need additional materials. Have your student experiment with additional materials such as straws and toothpicks.
This activity is best completed online.
| I Can't Live Without My Thumb! How important is your thumb? How would doing simple jobs, like lifting a fork to eat or using a pencil to write, be different if you couldn't use your thumb? Test your hypothesis! Follow the instructions in your student guide to complete this activity. |
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Lesson Assessment: Joints in the Human Body
Print this offline assessment and answer key using the links below. You will need to enter your student's results online later.
Click "Print Lesson" button to use your browser print Student Name: Alethea
Date Printed: Jan 11, 2015
Science 3
Unit 7: Human Body
Lesson 5: Broken Bones
Duration: Approx. 60 min.
Firefox cannot print Flash images. The on-screen images might print as blank spaces. If you need to print this lesson, try using Internet Explorer so that all the images print.
Lesson 5: Broken Bones
| | bowing [BOH-ing] |
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| cast | |
| A hard sleeve that is placed around a body part to help heal a broken bone. The cast keeps the broken bone from moving around once it has been set. |
| setting a bone | |
| Placing broken pieces of bone back together in their normal positions so they can heal in a proper shape and position. |
| splint | |
| A thin strip of metal, plastic, or wood that is taped onto the body part. A splint keeps the broken bone in place to help it heal. |
This activity is best completed online.
| Many people break bones in their body while doing everyday activities like walking, riding a bicycle, running, and climbing trees. What does a broken bone look like under the skin? How does the bone get repaired? Learn more about what doctors see in X-rays that helps them treat broken bones. | | |||||||
| Lesson Overview
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This activity is best completed online.
| Optional Lesson Instructions This lesson is OPTIONAL. It is provided for students who seek enrichment or extra practice. You may skip this lesson. If you choose to skip this lesson, then go to the Plan or Lesson Lists page and mark this lesson “Skipped” in order to proceed to the next lesson in the course. |
This activity is best completed online.
| Healing Bones The human body is made up of many bones. They are strong and light, and give us protection, movement, and support. Sometimes though, bones can break. Explore the various types of fractures, learn the fascinating ways for treating them, and learn how they heal. |
| Your bones are light and strong, and both these characteristics are important. Having light bones lets you run fast and jump high. A creature your size with solid steel bones would be too heavy to move easily. Strong bones protect you when you fall. A creature with clay bones would break to pieces the first time it fell or landed from a big jump. But even though your bones are tough, they can sometimes break. A break in a bone is called a fracture, and there are many different types. | |
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Answer(s):
[1]
In 1895, Wilhem Roentgen, a German physicist, discovered a new kind of energy passing through black paper to light a special screen. he called it "X," a mathematical symbol for something unknown. The name stuck, and we now call them "X-rays."
| Sometimes a bone cracks without coming apart. That's bad enough, but other times it may break in two. And even worse, it may break into more than two pieces. The easiest thing to see about a fracture is whether it is open or closed. All fractures are either open or closed. An open fracture is one in which the broken bone pokes through the skin. In a closed fracture the bone breaks but doesn't come through the skin. Open fractures are more serious because there is a greater chance that germs will enter the body and cause an infection. Look at the various common types of fractures shown on screen. | |
| Kids' bones are more bendable than adult bones, less likely to break. That is good--kids tumble around more! When the bones do break, though, they can break differently. Three "kid fractures" are plastic bowing (BOH-ing), greenstick fractures, and growth-plate fractures. In plastic bowing, the bone bends (bows) but does not break. That doesn't sound too serious, but it's actually a problem--the bone won't go back to its original shape unless you put it in a cast. | The greenstick fracture happens when the bone bends and causes a break on one side of the bone. | |
| The jagged red line is a fracture which has occurred at the growth plate of the bone. |
| A greenstick fracture occurs when the bone bends and cracks on one side. It's like bending living twig, a green stick. A growth-plate fracture is a break at the place where the bone grows, near the end. Damage at that place can sometimes cause problems with growth. | The greenstick fracture happens when the bone bends and causes a break on one side of the bone. | |
| The jagged red line is a fracture which has occurred at the growth plate of the bone. |
| Imagine yourself as a doctor on a day when someone comes in with a broken arm. It would be so much easier if you could see what kind of fracture the poor person has. But how can you look under their skin? These days, you can take a picture of a bone--an X-ray picture. X-rays are a common type of energy. X-rays come from our sun all the time. | |
| To make an X-ray picture, a machine sends a beam of X-rays through the patient's body and out the other side onto a piece of photographic film. The X-rays do not pass through bones as easily as they do through skin, muscle, or other organs, so shadows of the bones appear on the film. It's similar to the way you can make shadow puppets on the wall. In this case, though, they're bone shadows. Since the X-rays make the film dark, the shadows of bones are light, just like bones! | |
| X-ray pictures give doctors the information they need to put the bones back together the right way. You can't just leave a broken bone the way it is. Instead, it needs to be set into its original position as soon as possible and held there so the bones can heal. Since keeping the parts of the bone in the right place is so important, doctors may use pins or screws to hold the bone pieces together and keep them from moving. Sometimes they remove the screws after the bone heals, but other times the screws stay in. You probably have met at least one person who has a piece of metal somewhere inside. | |
| Casts also can keep a broken bone from moving around once the bone has been set. Some casts are made from bandages soaked in a plaster that hardens like papier mâché. Other casts are made of plastic. Fiberglass casts are made of long, thin strands of glass mixed into plastic. They are very strong and very light. Some casts are even waterproof. With a waterproof cast you could still take a shower or even swim--though if you have a broken bone you might just want to take it easy for a while. A splint is another tool doctors use to hold a broken bone in place. Splints are usually a thin strip of metal, plastic, or wood that is taped onto the body part with the bone inside. Splints are often used on broken fingers where it is difficult, and not necessary, to place a big cast. | |
| Now you know all the steps a doctor goes through when someone has a broken bone. Once the bone has been X-rayed, set, and screwed together or placed in a cast or splint, the rest is up to the body itself. Remember that bones have passageways through which blood vessels and nerves travel? Because bones contain blood vessels, when a bone breaks, it bleeds. At the break, several kinds of cells repair the blood vessels and cover over the two broken ends of the bone. These form a temporary patch that connects the bone until it can heal. | |
| The bone heals by making new bone tissue at the break to fill in the gap and connect the pieces. X-rays can show how fast and well the healing occurs. A broken bone hurts, but it does get better. It usually takes from one to three months to heal completely. And for healthy people, most of the time recovered bones are as good as new. | |
This activity is best completed online.
| X-Ray Diagnosis Oh, no! I think I broke my leg! What does a broken bone look like under your skin? Play the role of a doctor and look at X-rays to make your own diagnosis. Follow the instructions in your student guide to complete this activity. |
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| X-rays give doctors information about the bones that make up the body. Explore X-rays of bones that are not broken to see what your skeleton looks like under the skin. Visit the Radiographic Anatomy of the Skeleton website. Click on a link on the left of the screen, such as shoulder, elbow, or forearm to see the what the healthy bone would look like in an X-ray. Next, complete the X-Ray Diagnosis worksheet. When you finish, go to the next page. |
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Answer(s):
[1]
The activity allows the student to explore various X-rays of bones, but each X-ray may have more labels than your student can name. The easiest labeled X-rays for your student are the forearm, hand, knee and ankle.
| Now let’s look at some X-rays of broken bones. Look at each X-ray below. X-Ray 1 What bone is broken? (Hint: Notice the joint at the top) [1] Is it an open or closed fracture? [2] X-Ray 2 What bones are broken? [3] (Hint: The foot is at the bottom.) X-Ray 3 What bones are broken? [4] Visit the NetMedicine Radiology Library website. You will discover a bunch of X-rays of fractured bones. Pretend you are the doctor examining bones. Note where the fractures are located and see if you can name any bones you learned about in previous lessons. |
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Answer(s):
[1]
[1] femur
[2] closed
[3] tibia and fibula
[4] radius and ulna
[2] closed
[3] tibia and fibula
[4] radius and ulna
This activity is best completed online.
| First Aid for Broken Bones Just as a finger that has been cut deeply needs first aid, bones that are broken need first aid, too. What kind of first aid is best? Learn one way to give basic first aid to a broken arm or leg. Follow the instructions in your student guide to complete this activity. |
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Click "Print Lesson" button to use your browser print Student Name: Alethea
Date Printed: Jan 11, 2015
Science 3
Unit 7: Human Body
Lesson 6: Types of Muscles
Duration: Approx. 60 min.
There are one or more assessments in this lesson. Offline assessments and answer keys can be printed from the materials lists. Online assessments must be printed from the assessment itself within the lesson.
Firefox cannot print Flash images. The on-screen images might print as blank spaces. If you need to print this lesson, try using Internet Explorer so that all the images print.
For the Adult
*paper, 8 1/2 x 11"
*clock, analog
*mirror, hand
Lesson 6: Types of Muscles
| | cartilage [KAHR-tl-ij] |
| Strong, flexible tissue that forms the skeleton of some fish. A shark's skeleton is not hard and bony, but is made of flexible cartilage. |
| | esophagus [ih-SAH-fuh-guhs] |
| |
| involuntary muscles | |
| Muscles we are unable to control directly, such as the heart. |
| voluntary muscles | |
| Muscles we are able to control directly, such as the leg muscles. |
This activity is best completed online.
| Can we control every movement of our body, including digesting food and pumping blood? Explore the role of voluntary and involuntary muscles and the types of tissue that make up different kinds of muscles. | | |||||||
| Lesson Overview
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This activity is best completed online.
| Muscles of the Body Let's take a look at the muscles of the human body. There are various types of muscles. Explore the muscles of your body, and find out more about what they do. | |||||||||
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| From femurs to phalanges, you have learned plenty about the skeletal system and how it works. Now it’s time to learn more about the muscular system. After all, without muscles, your bones would be like a skeleton in a museum--all the pieces would be there, but they wouldn't be able to move. Your muscular system, which is controlled by your nervous system, works with your skeletal system to make your body move. And in this lesson you’ll find out that your muscular system does even more than that. Before you start, take some time to review what you know about the skeletal system from all the lessons in the first half of this unit. | |
| Try doing something right now. Wherever you are, stay perfectly still. Don't move even a single muscle. Can you do it? This is tough, once you start thinking about it. You may be very good at staying still, but some muscles will still be moving. Can you think of one? How about your heart? No matter how still you are, your heart continues to beat. What else moves? Did your chest move in and out as you tried to stay still? Did you blink? Did your stomach gurgle? The fact is, some of your muscles are always in action. You can't stop them from moving even if you try. But that seems strange. Whose body is it, anyway? Are there things your body does that you haven't told it to do? | Some muscles work automatically and others, which you control, do not. |
| Voluntary and Involuntary Muscles The body is more complicated than we sometimes think. Some muscles move when you want them to--and because you want them to. You use the muscles in your legs to race your friends to the jungle gym. You use the muscles in your arms to climb up on top of the bars. First! Muscles that you can move or stop when you want to are called voluntary muscles. | Some muscles work automatically and others, which you control, do not. |
| On the other hand, let's say you ran very fast because you ate a high-energy lunch. Did you tell your stomach to squeeze and squash that food and pass it along through your digestive system? The muscles that digested your food moved, even though you didn't tell them to move. Muscles you can't normally tell to move or stop moving are called involuntary muscles. | Some muscles work automatically and others, which you control, do not. |
| Skeletal Muscle You have three different types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Muscles that pull on bones to make the bones move at the joints are called skeletal muscles. Are skeletal muscles voluntary or involuntary? [1] Skeletal muscle tissue is made of long, striped cells called fibers. These fibers line up end to end and side by side to form muscles. Skeletal muscles attach to bones using tendons. Sometimes skeletal muscles are attached to and move other muscles (as in your tongue and face) or things other than bones (such as your eyes). When you move, the fibers shorten. So, when you bend your arm to "make a muscle," bundles of muscle fibers shorten. | |
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Answer(s):
[1]
[1] voluntary
| Smooth Muscle Smooth muscles are found in the walls of your digestive organs, such as in your food pipe (esophagus), stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. They are also in your blood vessels. Think about these parts of your body. Would you say smooth muscles, then, are voluntary or involuntary? [2] Smooth muscle cells are thinner than the cells of skeletal muscles. They are also different in that they are not striped. Smooth muscles won't ever lift a barbell, but they can keep your insides working just fine, and you don't even have to think about it. | |
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Answer(s):
[1]
[2] involuntary
[2]
Insects have muscle cells similar to those of humans. Their muscles attach to the inside of their hard, outer part, the exoskelton. Most insects can fly, too. Are insect flight muscles voluntary or involuntary? Would they be skeletal or smooth?
[3]
Insect flight muscles are voluntary, because insects can control when and where they fly. Insect flight muscles are made of skeletal muscle cells that let insects move their wings.
| Cardiac Muscle The third type of muscle tissue is cardiac muscle. It is a very important kind of muscle, because it makes up your heart. When people say they "know something in their heart" or that their heart is "broken," they are speaking imaginatively. The real heart is like a pump made of one large muscle. Cardiac muscle cells are striped like those of skeletal muscle cells. The long strands of cardiac cells branch and overlap each other. This special kind of muscle is found only in the heart, and its job is to keep on pumping, every day, every minute, of your entire life. Cardiac muscle is involuntary muscle, which means you can't make your heart stop beating. The heart is a lively, and life-giving, muscle. | |
This activity is best completed online.
| Voluntary vs Involuntary Muscles Your body is moving all the time. Can you control the movement of the muscles that cause your movements? Learn which muscles you have to think about moving, and which ones you do not. Follow the instructions in your student guide to complete this activity. |
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| Review Some muscles move when you want them to. You move the muscles in your arm to scratch your nose. Muscles you can move when you want them to are called voluntary muscles. You can move your jaw to chew and swallow your food using voluntary muscles. But what happens to your food after that? Can you move the muscles that push the food down your esophagus (food pipe)? Can you start and stop your stomach from mashing up all that food you swallowed? These muscles move automatically. Muscles you can't "tell" to move are called involuntary muscles. |
| Activity Steps 1. Make two columns on your paper. Label one column Voluntary Muscles and the other column Involuntary Muscles. 2. Write arm muscles under Voluntary Muscles. List the muscles of your stomach (the muscles that help digest food in your stomach, not the muscles you use for sit-ups) under Involuntary Muscles. Think about each muscle movement listed below. 3. If you can move a muscle when you want to, include it with the voluntary muscles. If you can't control the muscle on your own, list it under Involuntary Muscles. Flexing your arm [1] Open and closing the pupil of your eye [2] Heart beating (cardiac muscles) [3] Chewing gum [4] Getting goose bumps when cold [5] Now explore the muscles in your body and add more to your list. Don't forget about the ones you can't control--the involuntary muscles! |
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Answer(s):
[1]
[1] voluntary muscles
[2] involuntary muscles
[3] involuntary muscles
[4] voluntary muscles
[5] involuntary muscles
[2] involuntary muscles
[3] involuntary muscles
[4] voluntary muscles
[5] involuntary muscles
This activity is best completed online.
| Exercise Your Heart Is your heart a voluntary or involuntary muscle? Do some exercise and watch the effects exercising has on your heart rate, breathing, and perspiration. Follow the instructions in your student guide to complete this activity. |
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Lesson Assessment: Types of Muscles
This assessment is best completed online, where it will be automatically scored by the computer. If you would like to print it, do so from the assessment itself within the lesson.
Click "Print Lesson" button to use your browser print Student Name: Alethea
Date Printed: Jan 11, 2015
Science 3
Unit 7: Human Body
Lesson 7: Muscle Action
Duration: Approx. 60 min.
There are one or more assessments in this lesson. Offline assessments and answer keys can be printed from the materials lists. Online assessments must be printed from the assessment itself within the lesson.
Firefox cannot print Flash images. The on-screen images might print as blank spaces. If you need to print this lesson, try using Internet Explorer so that all the images print.
For the Adult
*ruler
*brads
*hole punch
*tape, masking
*scissors
*string
Lesson 7: Muscle Action
| cardiac muscle | |
| A type of muscle found only in the heart. Cardiac muscle is involuntary muscle. |
| contract | |
| To shorten. In the case of a muscle, contracting applies a pulling force to the ends of the muscle. You contract your jaw muscles to bite your sandwich. |
| extensor | |
| a muscle that, when it contracts, extends or straightens a body part |
| flexor | |
| a muscle that, when it contracts, bends a body part |
| involuntary muscle | |
| A muscle that contracts and relaxes automatically, without your telling it to. The muscles that move food through your intestines are involuntary muscles. |
| skeletal muscle | |
| A type of muscle that attaches to one or more bones, and pulls on a bone or other body part. Skeletal muscle is voluntary muscle. |
| smooth muscle | |
| A type of muscle found in the walls of the stomach, intestines, and blood vessels (as well as some other places). Smooth muscle is involuntary muscle. |
| voluntary muscle | |
| A muscle that you can contract or relax on command. You use your voluntary muscles when you play sports. |
This activity is best completed online.
| How do muscles move the human body? Explore how muscles work together with other muscles and also how they work with body parts, especially bones. | | |||||
| Lesson Overview
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This activity is best completed online.
| Muscle Action Let's take a closer look at muscles and how they function. |
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| So you've volunteered to clean the kitchen. That means you didn't have to do it, but you chose to. Likewise, voluntary muscles are all about choice. You don't have to move your voluntary muscles. Instead, you move them when you choose to. Choose to move some voluntary muscles right now. [1] Involuntary muscles are different. Involuntary muscles move automatically, and you can't stop them even if you want to. What are some examples of involuntary muscles? [2] | |
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Answer(s):
[1]
[1] Answers will vary, but should include muscles that produce outward movement of the body (skeletal muscles), such as arm, leg, mouth, and neck.
[2] Answers may vary, but could include the heart and digestive system (esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine).
[2] Answers may vary, but could include the heart and digestive system (esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine).
| The muscles of your body are made of one of three types of muscle tissue. Muscles that pull on your bones to make your joints move are called __________. [3] Muscles found in the walls of your stomach, intestines, and blood vessels are called ___________. [4] Your heart is made out of _____________. [5] Which are voluntary muscles? [6] Which are involuntary? [7] | |
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Answer(s):
[1]
[3] skeletal muscles
[4] smooth muscles
[5] cardiac muscle
[6] skeletal muscles are voluntary
[7] smooth and cardiac muscles are involuntary
[4] smooth muscles
[5] cardiac muscle
[6] skeletal muscles are voluntary
[7] smooth and cardiac muscles are involuntary
| Skeletal muscles let you twist, twirl, tiptoe, tumble, and much more. But how do they do it? Muscles let you move in all sorts of ways, but they do only one thing to move you--they get shorter. It's true. When a muscle gets shorter, or contracts, it pulls whatever it's attached to--usually a bone--into a different position. In fact, your muscles can move your body only by contracting. That's all they do. | |
| Let's look at the eyes from above. A skeletal muscle contracts when it receives an electrical message from a nerve, sent by your brain or spinal cord. When you want to look to the right, your brain sends lightning-fast signals to the muscle fibers that move your eyes to the right, causing them to contract. If you then look to the left, these signals quiet down, and signals go to the muscles on the other side. | |
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Answer(s):
[1]
Eye movements are just one example of muscle action. When you lift your cereal spoon to your mouth, your brain sends lightning-fast signals to the muscle fibers that move your hand, causing them to contract. Your fingers grip the spoon as you bring the cereal to your lips, not spilling a drop. Can your student think of other examples?
| So if your arm muscle contracts to bend your elbow, what is it doing when it isn't contracting? Relaxing! When your muscle stops receiving a signal from your brain to contract, it relaxes. As the muscle fibers relax, they and the muscle they are in get longer and thinner. You can feel this in your upper arm muscle--your biceps. Hold your arm straight. Place your other hand on top of your biceps. Now bend your arm. Can you feel how the biceps gets shorter and thicker? Now straighten your arm and feel your muscle stretch out and become thinner. You're relaxing the biceps. | |
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Answer(s):
[1]
When bending and straightening the arm during this task and in the next screen, have the student do it sideways, parallel to the floor (moving the hand towards and away from the chest, like a sideways tennis stroke), so that gravity is not pulling in the direction of the motion.
| Still, the contraction and relaxation is only half the story. Muscles move your bones by contracting to pull on them. When the muscles relax, the bones would just stay in place or fall back under the force of gravity. But we don't just flop around like scarecrows all day long. What's missing? | |
| Try straightening out your arm as smoothly as possible. When you do that, your biceps is relaxing. But if muscles move things only by contracting, how come your arm is moving? The answer is another muscle--your triceps. Your triceps is the group of muscles on the other side of your arm. As your biceps relaxes, your triceps contracts. The triceps is straightening your arm, nice and slow. Muscles all over your body work in teams like this. One set of muscles moves your body in one direction and the other set pulls it back again. Bend your elbow once more. This time, feel both sides of your arm to see how one team contracts when the other relaxes. | |
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Answer(s):
[1]
Before you say the answer, you may want to have your student guess how the arm could straighten.
Have your student repear the bending and relaxing of the biceps and triceps to reinforce the concept that the body's muscles contract on opposite sides to move a body part in two different directions.
Point out the attachment points of the muscles to the bones in the forearm to show how they must reach across the joint to provide leverage.
Have your student repear the bending and relaxing of the biceps and triceps to reinforce the concept that the body's muscles contract on opposite sides to move a body part in two different directions.
Point out the attachment points of the muscles to the bones in the forearm to show how they must reach across the joint to provide leverage.
| Ever heard weight lifters talk about flexing? Your joints bend, or flex, because of one set of muscles. They straighten out, or extend, because of another set. Once you know that, the terms for muscles that bend and straighten are easy to remember. Muscles that flex a joint are called flexor muscles. Muscles that extend a joint are called extensor muscles. Bend your elbow again. Which muscle is a flexor--your biceps (top) or your triceps (bottom)? [8] Which muscle is an extensor? [9] | |
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Answer(s):
[1]
[8] Your biceps is a flexor muscle because it bends your elbow.
[9] Your triceps is an extensor muscle because it straightens your elbow.
[9] Your triceps is an extensor muscle because it straightens your elbow.
[2]
Encourage your student to identify the flexors and extensors in other parts of the body as well, such as the leg.
| Remember that your muscle cells are bundled in groups called fibers, and that many bundles of fibers make up muscle tissue. So your biceps are really made up of lots of muscle fibers. The fibers contract together, and that causes your arm to bend. But why use all the fibers you have to lift a cereal spoon? If you did that, the spoon would probably go flying across the room, sending milk everywhere. When you lift something light, only a few muscle fibers contract. | |
| It's when you are lifting something heavy that you need muscle power. More fibers contract when you lift a pile of books. And when you need to carry those books all the way home from the library, your muscle fibers take turns contracting and relaxing so your arms don't get tired. Reading books makes your brain strong--but carrying books keeps your muscles in shape! | |
This activity is best completed online.
| Extensors and Flexors Demonstrate the way muscles work together in pairs by making a model of muscles that move your foot. Follow the instructions in your student guide to complete this activity. |
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| Your joints bend, or flex, because of one set of muscles. Your joints straighten out, or extend, because of another set of muscles. The two sets of muscles form a pair that control the joint. Muscles that bend a joint are called flexor muscles. Muscles that extend a joint are called extensor muscles. Let's look at a simple model of your leg and foot to see how the muscle pair works together to move your foot in both directions. Complete the Extensors and Flexors sheet. When you have finished, check your answers at the bottom of the screen. |
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Answer(s):
[1]
When you pull on the string that is closest to the toe of the foot, the foot flexes upward. The other string runs longer down the back of the leg.
When you pull on the string closest to the heel of the foot, the foot extends downward. The other string runs longer down the front of the leg.
When you pull on the string closest to the heel of the foot, the foot extends downward. The other string runs longer down the front of the leg.
Lesson Assessment: Muscle Action
Print this offline assessment and answer key using the links below. You will need to enter your student's results online later.
Click "Print Lesson" button to use your browser print Student Name: Alethea
Date Printed: Jan 11, 2015
Science 3
Unit 7: Human Body
Lesson 8: Layers of the Skin
Duration: Approx. 60 min.
There are one or more assessments in this lesson. Offline assessments and answer keys can be printed from the materials lists. Online assessments must be printed from the assessment itself within the lesson.
Firefox cannot print Flash images. The on-screen images might print as blank spaces. If you need to print this lesson, try using Internet Explorer so that all the images print.
For the Adult
*pencil
*clock, analog
*paper, 8 1/2 x 11"
*scissors
*plastic bags - sandwich size
*tape, clear
*ruler, metric
Lesson 8: Layers of the Skin
| dermis | |
| The second layer of skin that contains nerves, blood vessels, oil glands, and sweat glands. The splinter in my finger went into the dermis. |
| dilate | |
| To widen at an opening. The pupil of the human eye dilates in the darkness to let more light in. |
| | epidermis [eh-puh-DUR-muhs] |
| The outermost skin layer. The epidermis is the layer of skin that you can see. |
| | keratin [KEHR-uh-tn] |
| A tough protein found in nails, hair, and the outer layer of skin. She bought a special type of body lotion that contained aloe and keratin. |
| | sebum [SEE-bum] |
| The oil produced by glands in the skin. Sebum helps make skin waterproof. |
This activity is best completed online.
| Look down at your hands. What do you see? Even though you can't see anything happening, your skin is busy at work! Your skin covers and protects everything inside your body. Explore the structure and function of your skin. | | |||||
| Lesson Overview
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This activity is best completed online.
| Skin and Its Layers The skin is an important part of the human body, just like the skeletal and muscular systems. Learn more about skin and what it does. Find out some interesting facts about the largest organ of the body. |
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| Your skeletal muscles work in teams to move your body. You have felt this in your arm as your biceps (top muscle) contracts to bend your arm while your triceps (bottom muscle) relaxes. When you want to straighten your elbow, the opposite happens. Which muscles contract to bend a joint? [1] What type of muscles contract to straighten joints? [2] You can see and feel some of your muscles and bones under your skin. Like your muscles and skeleton, your skin gives your body some of its shape, support, and protection. Did you know that your skin is also an organ--a collection of different tissues all working together? In fact, your skin is the largest and heaviest organ you have. It has to be large to cover up and protect all your insides. Your skin has many other important jobs. It protects you against infection and other hazards. It lets you experience the world through sensations such as touch. Skin helps keep you cool when the air is hot, and warm when it's cool. | |
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Answer(s):
[1]
[1] flexors
[2] extensors
[2] extensors
[2]
Your skin is connected to the surfaces of organs on your inside. Imagine hiking across your skin, then down into your mouth, down your throat, stomach and the rest of your digestive system. You're like a tube!
[3]
The skin of an average sized adult weighs 4 to 7 kg (9 to 15 pounds). to get a feel for how much that is, lift a gallon milk. You carry that much skin around all the time.
| Your skin normally protects you from germs--that is, bacteria, fungi, and viruses--that are on the objects you touch, or even just floating in the air. Overlapping skin cells make a barrier like the scales on a fish. But germs can get past this defense if you get a cut or scrape. To help out, natural oils made by the skin contain chemicals that kill many types of harmful germs. These oils, called sebum (SEE-bum), cover your skin in a thin layer, which also keeps your skin soft and waterproof. Are you impressed yet at all the different things your skin does? There's still more. As you'll see, your skin also helps keep your insides at just the right temperature, at about 98.6ºF (37ºC). It's a jacket, a first-aid kit, and a castle wall all at once. | |
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Answer(s):
[1]
Ever wonder why your fingertips and toes wrinkle when you swim for a long time? The skin there isn't as waterproof because sebum is not made on those places. That means your cells soak up water and cannot lie flat, giving them that pruney wrinkle.
| When your inside body temperature starts to change, blood vessels just under the surface of your skin, in the dermis, also change. These little vessels have involuntary muscles in their walls that can increase or decrease the amount of blood that gets through. When your body gets too hot, these blood vessels get bigger, so more blood gets near the skin's surface. There, the skin is in contact with cooler air that lowers the temperature of that blood. The cooled blood circulates back inside you again, lowering your deep body temperature. Sweating also helps cool you off. When you get hot, sweat--a mixture of water and salt--oozes out of your skin. As the water evaporates it uses up heat from the skin it was on. Since your skin is cooler, the blood coming up to the surface cools off faster. It's all connected. | |
| Try right now to think of as many words as you can to describe things you have felt with your skin. Did you say hot? Cold? Fuzzy? Slimy? Rough? How about "Ouch!"? Your skin does all the jobs already mentioned, but it also helps you feel things. Sometimes we don’t really understand an object until we touch it or it touches us. For instance, seeing a picture of a snowball isn’t at all like holding one. People can tell you a kitten is cuddly, but until you pet it yourself, or it rubs against your leg, you don’t really know what cuddly means. All the sensations you get by touching things, from dry leaves to a squirmy toad, come from sensors in your skin of four main types: heat, cold, pressure, and pain. Can you name the three most important jobs your skin has? [1] | |
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Answer(s):
[1]
[1] Your skin protects you against the outside world, including infection. It lets you feel using the sense of touch, and it helps keep your body temperature at about 98.6°F, or 37°C.
[2]
Ask your student to describe objects that are hot, cold, fuzzy, rough, and the like.
[3]
Shivering is another way your body keeps warm. Notice how hot you get when you exercise. When you shiver, your muscles contract and relax quickly, over and over again. As they do this work they give off heat, which warms you up.
| Your skin is made up of two main layers--the epidermis (eh-puh-DUR-muhs) and the dermis. The epidermis is a thin outside layer, and the dermis is a thicker layer underneath that. Epidermis cells have a substance called keratin (KEHR-uh-tn) inside them. Keratin is a kind of protein molecule that helps make skin tough and waterproof. It's what mainly makes up hair and nails in people--and feathers, scales, claws, hooves, and horns in other animals. | |
| The epidermis protects you from scrapes, rubs, and bumps. Its outermost layer is made up of dead skin cells. These are flat and overlap to form a tough barrier. They fall off easily, too. Every time your skin rubs against your clothes, you lose some of these dead cells. It's like wearing a suit of armor that falls apart whenever it's hit, but that keeps making new armor to replace what's lost. Since your skin loses so many cells, you'd think it would wear away. But skin cells deep in the epidermis are always dividing. New cells push up to the surface and replace the lost cells. By the time new cells reach the outer layer they are dead and have been pressed flat. | |
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Answer(s):
[1]
You can lose millions of skin cells every day. In fact, in a year your body will lose about 2.3kg--or 5 pounds of dead skin cells.
| Now try something. What happens if you pinch the back of your hand and let go? Your skin jumps back like a rubber band. That's your dermis in action. The dermis is springy and elastic. It contains blood vessels, sensory organs, nerves, sweat glands, and oil glands. Even your hair and nails grow from the dermis. Your hair and nails are made up of dead cells and keratin. It's keratin that makes your nails tough. From the creation of new cells to nails and hair, do you see how the skin is its own system? | |
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Answer(s):
[1]
Your dermis is not smooth but has bumps and ridges. You can easily see the pattern of your dermis by looking at your fingertips. These are your fingerprints. Each person has his or her own unique set of fingerprints.
[2]
Keratin also forms a scaly covering over the hard shell on a turtle. The shell itself is made of bone.
This activity is best completed online.
| Investigate Your Skin What does the skin look like up close? How does it help the body stay cool? Experiment and find out! Follow the instructions in your student guide to complete this activity. |
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Lesson Assessment: Layers of the Skin
This assessment is best completed online, where it will be automatically scored by the computer. If you would like to print it, do so from the assessment itself within the lesson.
Click "Print Lesson" button to use your browser print Student Name: Alethea
Date Printed: Jan 11, 2015
Science 3
Unit 7: Human Body
Lesson 9: More on Skin and Skin Protection
Duration: Approx. 60 min.
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For the Adult
*lamp
*paper, construction - dark color
*scissors
*paper clips
*household item - sunscreen - SPF 30+
Lesson 9: More on Skin and Skin Protection
| | chlorophyll [KLOR-uh-fil] |
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| | epidermis [eh-puh-DUR-muhs] |
| The outermost skin layer. The epidermis is the layer of skin that you can see. |
| hair follicle | |
| The part of the skin that contains the root of a hair. The follicle is made of cells originally from the epidermis, but is mostly in the dermis. Each hair on your head grows out of a tiny hair follicle. |
| | melanin [MEH-luh-nuhn] |
| A pigment found in skin and hair that gives them color. When skin is exposed to sun, it makes more melanin. |
| oil gland | |
| A gland that opens into the hair follicle to reach the skin surface. The oil from the gland, called sebum, helps keep skin and hair from drying out. Our oil glands help keep skin protected. |
| sense receptors | |
| Parts of the skin that allow feeling. Skin has four main types of sense receptors: for cold, heat, pressure, and pain. Thanks to sense receptors for heat, I could tell that the oven was still on. |
| sweat gland | |
| A gland that leads to a small opening, called a pore, on the skin's surface. Sweat, or perspiration, is the liquid released through the pore. Sweat glands help us cool off. |
This activity is best completed online.
| The skin helps protect the systems of our body, but we need to protect our skin, too! Learn about the structures of the skin and what we need to do to protect it. | | |||||||
| Lesson Overview
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This activity is best completed online.
| Optional Lesson Instructions This lesson is OPTIONAL. It is provided for students who seek enrichment or extra practice. You may skip this lesson. If you choose to skip this lesson, then go to the Plan or Lesson Lists page and mark this lesson “Skipped” in order to proceed to the next lesson in the course. |
This activity is best completed online.
| Know and Protect Your Skin Building castles in the sand, swimming in the ocean, or playing kickball in a park are all fun outdoor activities. When you're outdoors, though, you expose your skin to the sun. If you don't protect your skin, too much sun may damage it. So, take care of your skin and protect it. |
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| You may never have thought much about the organ known as your skin. You may not have even known it was an organ. But now you know a lot about skin. You know that it is a shield that protects you from infection. You know that it helps keep your temperature from getting too high or too low. And you know that your skin lets you feel heat and cold, as well as things that you touch. Your skin has two main layers. Do you remember what they are called? The surface layer is the epidermis (eh-puh-DUR-muhs). Its outermost layer is made of dead cells that become flattened as they are pushed up from beneath. That "beneath" is the deeper layers of epidermis where new cells form. Below that is the dermis--a deeper, and thicker, layer of skin. Let's take a closer look at the dermis and what it does. | |
| Sunlight looks like it's all one thing--just a whole lot of light coming from the sky. But there are different kinds of light in sunlight. We can see only some of this light--the kind called visible light. Other kinds of light are not visible. One such kind is ultraviolet light, or UV light. UV light is still real, though. Some machines can detect UV light as easily as our eyes detect visible light. UV light is useful. For example, it helps your body make vitamin D. In turn, vitamin D helps keep your bones healthy. But too much UV light can be a problem. Too much UV can destroy some useful molecules too. As we'll see, it can also damage your skin, even in serious ways. It causes sunburn and more. | |
| Sunburn hurts--a lot. At first it may seem fun to be in the sun all day. Your skin feels fine. What's all the fuss? Then, later, your skin turns red. It may even blister. The "ouch!" begins. What's happening when you get a burn? It's your body responding to all those damaged cells by sending them more blood. In lighter-skinned people, this blood causes the pink color of the burned skin. Why send more blood? Because cells that can repair the damage travel in your blood to the skin. A few days later your outer skin layer may peel off, taking the cells that the UV rays killed. And that's no fun at all. Continuous sun damage over many years can cause wrinkles, leathery skin, and even skin cancer. Cancer is a serious disease in which some cells--in this case, skin cells--grow faster than normal. As they spread to other locations they destroy healthy tissues and organs. Best to avoid all these problems. Don't get burned! | |
| A pigment gives something color. The pigment chlorophyll (KLOR-uh-fil), for example, makes plant leaves green. Melanin (MEH-luh-nuhn) is a dark pigment that is made in special skin cells. These cells are in the lower part of the epidermis and in hair follicles in the dermis. That's why your skin and hair are the colors they are--whatever colors they are! In general, the more melanin there is in your skin and hair, the darker their color. What decides how much melanin you have? You mostly inherit it from your parents. If your parents both have dark, melanin-rich skin, chances are good you will have dark skin, too. | |
| Look at your skin and describe how much melanin you think you have. Compare it to the skin of the others in your family. You can compare it to the skin of dogs, cats, and horses, as non-human animals have melanin, too. | |
| The melanin in your skin cells absorbs UV rays. That's good, because it protects fragile parts of the cells from being damaged. Melanin is like a bodyguard protecting you. If you have pale skin, UV rays can damage it more easily, because there isn't much melanin to soak up the UV rays. Your skin will burn faster than dark skin will. But if you have dark skin, don't think you're fully protected. People with all skin colors can get sunburned. You do not have to be lying on a hot beach to get sunburned. You can get sunburned snowboarding high on a mountain. At high altitudes, there is less atmosphere above you to stop the UV rays from the sun. And snow is very good at bouncing light--including UV light--up into your face. It may seem odd, but people who hike a lot in cold, snowy mountains have to protect themselves against sunburn. | |
| Have you noticed that when people have been out in the sun, their skin tends to darken? This is what it means to have a tan. UV rays alert cells in the skin to make more melanin. Why? For self-defense. With more melanin to absorb dangerous rays, the skin is better protected. Sunscreen can also help defend against UV rays. It protects your skin from damage by adding a UV-absorbing or UV-blocking layer on top. Using sunscreen is smart--it lets you stay out in the sun longer with less risk. But be careful! Sunscreen isn't a magic potion. Even with sunscreen, burns and long-term damage can occur if you're in the sun a lot. | |
This activity is best completed online.
| Layers of Skin What makes up the skin? Locate the parts of the skin on a diagram and describe their function. Follow the instructions in your student guide to complete this activity. |
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| Look back through the Explore to help find the structures of the skin shown in the picture on the printout. On the line, write the name of the structure it points to. |
This activity is best completed online.
| Sunscreen Do plants need sunlight? Do they get a sunburn? Experiment with a plant to see the effects of sunlight and sunscreen on its leaves. Follow the instructions in your student guide to complete this activity. |
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Click "Print Lesson" button to use your browser print Student Name: Alethea
Date Printed: Jan 11, 2015
Science 3
Unit 7: Human Body
Lesson 10: Human Body: Unit Review and Assessment
Duration: Approx. 60 min.
There are one or more assessments in this lesson. Offline assessments and answer keys can be printed from the materials lists. Online assessments must be printed from the assessment itself within the lesson.
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Review: Building a Skeleton
As usual, you will want to preview any websites listed in the lesson before having your student view them.
This activity is best completed online.
| Review and test your knowledge of everything you have learned about the skeleton, muscles, and skin of the human body--from identifying different types of skeleton bones to explaining the structure and function of your body's largest organ--your skin! | | |||||
| Lesson Overview
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This activity is best completed online.
| Human Body Unit Review Review the unit of the Human Body. |
| In this unit you learned that your body is made of many different systems, including the skeletal system and the muscular system. You also learned that your bones give your body a structure, which gives your body shape and, together with muscles, helps you move. You explored the world under and on your skin and found out why your body has its shape and appearance. Now let's review. Continue on to the Unit Review. After you are finished with the review, go on to the activity. If you still have some questions, you may want to read back through previous lessons before taking the Unit Assessment. |
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This activity is best completed online.
SAFETY: As usual, you will want to preview any websites listed in the lesson before having your student view them.
| Building a Skeleton The human skeleton is made up of all sorts of bones with different functions, shapes, and sizes. You've seen the skeleton in earlier lessons. But this time, you get to build your very own skeleton. As you create the skeleton, test your knowledge by naming the various bones in the human body. |
| Do you remember the names of some of the bones in your skeleton? Visit the website below and build a model of the human skeleton to practice the location and names of key bones. As you move each bone, try to remember its name. Check yourself by visiting the Zoom In! game. Here's how to begin the activity: Click the Medtropolis website Click on the The Virtual Body, English Select SkeletonSelect Build a Skeleton Select Start Game When you have finished building the skeleton, select The Human Skeleton link. Click Zoom In! to see if you named the bones correctly. |
Unit Assessment: Human Body
Print this offline assessment and answer key using the links below. You will need to enter your student's results online later.
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