Click "Print Lesson" button to use your browser print Student Name: Alethea
Date Printed: Jan 11, 2015
Science 3
Unit 2: Classification of Vertebrates
Lesson 1: Introduction to Vertebrates: Fish
Duration: Approx. 60 min.
There are one or more assessments in this lesson. Offline assessments and answer keys can be printed from the materials lists. Online assessments must be printed from the assessment itself within the lesson.
Firefox cannot print Flash images. The on-screen images might print as blank spaces. If you need to print this lesson, try using Internet Explorer so that all the images print.
Lesson Introduction: Introduction to Vertebrates: Fish
1 day
If you plan to do the optional activity, which involves dissecting a fish, you will need to buy a fish from a fish market or grocery store. Make sure the internal organs are intact (the fish should not be gutted). You may wish to take a picture of your student performing this dissection. If so, be sure that you have a camera and film available.
Beyond The Lesson: Internal Anatomy of a Fish
1 day
If you plan to do the optional activity, which involves dissecting a fish, you will need to buy a fish from a fish market or grocery store. Make sure the internal organs are intact (the fish should not be gutted). You may wish to take a picture of your student performing this dissection. If so, be sure that you have a camera available.
Lesson 1: Introduction to Vertebrates: Fish
| | cartilage [KAHR-tl-ij] |
| Strong, flexible tissue that forms the skeleton of some fish. A shark's skeleton is not hard and bony, but is made of flexible cartilage. |
| | cartilaginous [kahr-tuh-LA-juh-nuhs] |
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| | gills |
| The breathing organs of a fish and of most other animals that live in the water. Gills remove oxygen from the water and release carbon dioxide, allowing the fish to "breathe" underwater. |
| invertebrate | |
| An animal with no backbone. Squid, worms, and insects are invertebrates. |
| plankton | |
| Plants or animals that float or drift in the water. Plankton can take the form of microscopic plants and animals or much larger organisms such as shrimp-like krill and jellyfish. |
| predator | |
| An animal that hunts and eats other animals. Sharks are ocean predators. |
| | vertebrae [VUR-tuh-bray] |
| The small bones that make up the backbone. The bumps you feel in your back are your vertebrae. |
| | vertebrate [VUR-tuh-bruht] |
| An animal that has a backbone. Cats are vertebrates, but worms are not. |
Explore: Who Has a Backbone?
As usual, you will want to preview any websites and recommended reading materials listed here before having your student view them.
This activity is best completed online.
| A backbone gives many animals a place to hang their muscles and organs. Animals can be classified according to whether or not they have a backbone. A vertebrate is an animal with a backbone. Fish are a type of vertebrate that are distinguished by their jaws and skeleton. | | |||||||||
| Lesson Overview
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This activity is best completed online.
SAFETY: As usual, you will want to preview any websites and recommended reading materials listed here before having your student view them.
| Who Has a Backbone? Animals that have backbones are called vertebrates. Fish are a type of vertebrate that have gills, fins, and sometimes scales. There are three main groups of fish: jawless, cartilaginous, and bony. Click the Explore Button to begin |
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Answer(s):
[1]
Introduction to Vertebrates - Fish
This activity is best completed online.
| The Three Types of Fish Follow the Activity Instructions in the Learning Coach Guide to compare and contrast jawless, cartilaginous, and bony fish. |
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This activity is best completed online.
| Bodies, Fins, and Tails Observe body shapes and fin types, and predict how a fish will move in water. Learn about the body of a fish, and then build a fast or slow swimmer. Print the Bodies, Fins, and Tails activity sheet and make your own fish! |
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Lesson Assessment: Introduction to Vertebrates: Fish
Learning Coach login is required to print this assessment and answer key. Please log in as the Learning Coach or print directly from the assessment within the lesson.
Assessment Sheet
Assessment Sheet Answer Key
This activity is best completed online.
| Optional: Internal Anatomy of a Fish Observe the internal structures of fish by dissecting a fish. |
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Click "Print Lesson" button to use your browser print Student Name: Alethea
Date Printed: Jan 11, 2015
Science 3
Unit 2: Classification of Vertebrates
Lesson 2: Amphibians and Reptiles
Duration: Approx. 60 min.
There are one or more assessments in this lesson. Offline assessments and answer keys can be printed from the materials lists. Online assessments must be printed from the assessment itself within the lesson.
Firefox cannot print Flash images. The on-screen images might print as blank spaces. If you need to print this lesson, try using Internet Explorer so that all the images print.
Lesson Introduction: Amphibians and Reptiles
7 days
If you choose to do the optional activity and observe the metamorphosis of a frog, you'll need to obtain frog eggs or tadpoles. If you live near a pond or lake, you can collect eggs or tadpoles there in early spring.
You can also order tadpoles from a biological supply house, a local pet store, or through the Internet. Some suppliers provide kits that include the aquarium, tadpoles, food, and instructions for raising tadpoles. The best time to place your order is early spring. Suppliers, however, often have tadpoles available throughout much of the year. The frog Xenopus laevis is a good species to raise, as it develops more rapidly than many others. Click Resources on the Lesson Overview screen for links to websites of companies that sell frog kits.
If you plan to raise a tadpole without using a kit, visit the Frogland site to learn how. Click Resources on the Lesson Overview screen for a link to this site.
You can also order tadpoles from a biological supply house, a local pet store, or through the Internet. Some suppliers provide kits that include the aquarium, tadpoles, food, and instructions for raising tadpoles. The best time to place your order is early spring. Suppliers, however, often have tadpoles available throughout much of the year. The frog Xenopus laevis is a good species to raise, as it develops more rapidly than many others. Click Resources on the Lesson Overview screen for links to websites of companies that sell frog kits.
If you plan to raise a tadpole without using a kit, visit the Frogland site to learn how. Click Resources on the Lesson Overview screen for a link to this site.
Beyond The Lesson: Raise a Tadpole
1 day
If you choose to do the optional activity and observe the metamorphosis of a frog, you'll need to obtain frog eggs or tadpoles. If you live near a pond or lake, you can collect eggs or tadpoles there in early spring.
You can also order tadpoles from a biological supply house, a local pet store, or through the Internet. Some suppliers provide kits that include the aquarium, tadpoles, food, and instructions for raising tadpoles. The best time to place your order is early spring. Suppliers, however, often have tadpoles available throughout much of the year. The frog Xenopus laevis is a good species to raise, as it develops more rapidly than many others. Click Lesson Resources on the first screen of this lesson, and then click Links to find websites of companies that sell frog kits.
If you plan to raise a tadpole without using a kit, visit the Frogland site to learn how. Click Resources on the Lesson Overview screen for a link to this site.
You can also order tadpoles from a biological supply house, a local pet store, or through the Internet. Some suppliers provide kits that include the aquarium, tadpoles, food, and instructions for raising tadpoles. The best time to place your order is early spring. Suppliers, however, often have tadpoles available throughout much of the year. The frog Xenopus laevis is a good species to raise, as it develops more rapidly than many others. Click Lesson Resources on the first screen of this lesson, and then click Links to find websites of companies that sell frog kits.
If you plan to raise a tadpole without using a kit, visit the Frogland site to learn how. Click Resources on the Lesson Overview screen for a link to this site.
Lesson 2: Amphibians and Reptiles
| | amphibian [am-FIH-bee-uhn] |
| A vertebrate that spends part of its life in water and part of its life on land. Frogs, toads, and salamanders are amphibians. |
| | herpetology [hur-puh-TAH-luh-jee] |
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| reptile | |
| A vertebrate that has dry, scaly skin and lays tough, leathery eggs. Crocodiles, turtles, and snakes are reptiles. |
| tadpole | |
| A frog or toad in the gilled, legless stage of its life cycle, just after it hatches from its egg. Also called a pollywog. Down by the lake, we saw hundreds of tadpoles swimming in the water. |
| | vertebrate [VUR-tuh-bruht] |
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This activity is best completed online.
| Amphibians and reptiles are both vertebrates, but they are different in many ways. How can you tell them apart? Learn the characteristics of amphibians and reptiles, and find out how a legless, gilled tadpole becomes a hopping adult frog. | | |||||||
| Lesson Overview
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This activity is best completed online.
| Be a Herpetologist Identify the main characteristics of amphibians and reptiles. Tell how they are the same and different. Describe the metamorphosis of a tadpole to a frog. Click the Explore button to begin |
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This activity is best completed online.
| Frogs and Toads Frogs and toads: How can you tell them apart? Find out! Print the Activity Instructions if you have not already done so. |
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Lesson Assessment: Amphibians and Reptiles
Learning Coach login is required to print this assessment and answer key. Please log in as the Learning Coach or print directly from the assessment within the lesson.
Assessment Sheet
Assessment Sheet Answer Key
This activity is best completed online.
| Optional: Raise a Tadpole Raise a tadpole to observe its metamorphosis into a frog. Print the Activity Instructions if you have not already done so. |
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Click "Print Lesson" button to use your browser print Student Name: Alethea
Date Printed: Jan 11, 2015
Science 3
Unit 2: Classification of Vertebrates
Lesson 3: Birds
Duration: Approx. 60 min.
There are one or more assessments in this lesson. Offline assessments and answer keys can be printed from the materials lists. Online assessments must be printed from the assessment itself within the lesson.
Firefox cannot print Flash images. The on-screen images might print as blank spaces. If you need to print this lesson, try using Internet Explorer so that all the images print.
Lesson 3: Birds
| crop | |
| The part of a bird's digestive system that stores and continuously releases food to provide energy for the bird to fly. As the robin swallowed worm after worm, it stored them in its crop. |
| gizzard | |
| An organ in a bird's digestive system that grinds food so the bird can digest the food more easily. Many birds swallow sand or small pebbles to help the gizzard grind the food. A bird's gizzard will crush seeds, insects, worms, and nuts into smaller pieces. |
Explore: It's for the Birds
As usual, you will want to preview any websites listed here before having your student view them.
This activity is best completed online.
| Birds are vertebrates that can fly. What gives birds the ability to soar through the air? A bird's body is specially adapted for flying. Learn about these special adaptations for flight. Then see how one adaptation, the gizzard, helps give a bird the energy it needs to fly high in the sky. | | |||||||
| Lesson Overview
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This activity is best completed online.
SAFETY: As usual, you will want to preview any websites listed here before having your student view them.
| It's for the Birds Find out how birds are different from reptiles and identify parts of a bird that make flying possible. Click the Explore button to begin. | |||||||||
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This activity is best completed online.
| Structures for Flight Why can't humans fly? Birds have certain body structures that make it possible for them to fly. Review the parts of a bird's body that allow a bird to soar through the air. |
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This activity is best completed online.
| The Grinding Gizzard A bird's gizzard grinds up food such as fish, seeds, plants, insects, and worms. In this activity, demonstrate the grinding action of a bird's gizzard. Follow the instructions in your student guide to complete this activity |
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Lesson Assessment: Birds
Learning Coach login is required to print this assessment and answer key. Please log in as the Learning Coach or print directly from the assessment within the lesson.
Assessment Sheet
Assessment Sheet Answer Key
Click "Print Lesson" button to use your browser print Student Name: Alethea
Date Printed: Jan 11, 2015
Science 3
Unit 2: Classification of Vertebrates
Lesson 4: Mammals
Duration: Approx. 60 min.
There are one or more assessments in this lesson. Offline assessments and answer keys can be printed from the materials lists. Online assessments must be printed from the assessment itself within the lesson.
Firefox cannot print Flash images. The on-screen images might print as blank spaces. If you need to print this lesson, try using Internet Explorer so that all the images print.
Lesson 4: Mammals
| | canine |
| |
| canines | |
| Long, pointed teeth mammals use to stab and tear prey. The leopard used its sharp canines to grab the gazelle and carry the animal up the tree. |
| | carnivore [KAHR-nuh-vor] |
| An animal that feeds mainly on other animals. A tiger is considered a carnivore since its diet is mainly other animals. |
| | echidna [ih-KID-nuh] |
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| | herbivore [UR-buh-vor] |
| An animal that feeds mainly on plants. A cow is considered an herbivore since its diet is mainly plants. |
| | incisor [in-SIY-zur] |
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| incisors | |
| Chisel-shaped front teeth that animals use for cutting and gnawing. When you bite into an apple, you cut and tear a piece off with your eight incisors. |
| limb | |
| An animal's arm, leg, or wing, or flipper. Dolphins' limbs are adapted for swimming. |
| mammal | |
| A vertebrate that has hair at some point in its life and mammary glands that produce milk to feed its young. Cats, dogs, cows, dolphins, and sea lions are all mammals. |
| mammary gland | |
| A part of a female mammal's body that produces milk for her young. A calf receives vitamins, minerals, and protein from milk produced in its mother's mammary glands. |
| | marsupial [mahr-SOO-pee-uhl] |
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| molars | |
| Broad, flat teeth, located behind the incisors and canines, that are good for grinding. Elephants and horses use their large molars to grind up the plants they eat. |
| | omnivore [AHM-nih-vor] |
| An animal that eats both plants and animals. Bears are omnivores, and eat fruits and nuts as well as fish and other small animals. |
| | platypus [PLA-tih-puhs] |
| |
Beyond The Lesson: Visit the San Diego Zoo
As usual, you may wish to preview any websites listed here before your student views them.
This activity is best completed online.
| What is a mammal? Mammals are the only vertebrates that have hair at some time in their lives and that produce milk in mammary glands. Learn the different ways mammals give birth to their young, and how mammals use their molars, canines, and incisors to eat. | | |||||||
| Lesson Overview
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This activity is best completed online.
| I Am a Mammal What characteristics do all mammals share? What are the three main ways mammals give birth to their young? How do mammals use their incisors, canines, and molars to chew their food? Explore to find out. Click the Explore button to begin. |
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This activity is best completed online.
| Teeth Tell All Look at the shape of a mammal's teeth and make a good guess about whether the animal is a plant eater, a meat eater, or whether it eats both plants and animals. |
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Lesson Assessment: Mammals
Learning Coach login is required to print this assessment and answer key. Please log in as the Learning Coach or print directly from the assessment within the lesson.
Assessment Sheet
Assessment Sheet Answer Key
This activity is best completed online.
SAFETY: As usual, you may wish to preview any websites listed here before your student views them.
| Optional: Visit the San Diego Zoo Visit The San Diego Zoo's virtual zoo and take a look at mammals that you might not find in your backyard. | |||||||||
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| Mammals have other interesting differences besides the shapes of their teeth and the ways they give birth. Some mammals have hooves, some have trunk-noses, and some can fly! Visit The San Diego Zoo to view the videos of different mammals. |
Click "Print Lesson" button to use your browser print Student Name: Alethea
Date Printed: Jan 11, 2015
Science 3
Unit 2: Classification of Vertebrates
Lesson 5: Classification of Vertebrates: Unit Review and Assessment
Duration: Approx. 60 min.
There are one or more assessments in this lesson. Offline assessments and answer keys can be printed from the materials lists. Online assessments must be printed from the assessment itself within the lesson.
Firefox cannot print Flash images. The on-screen images might print as blank spaces. If you need to print this lesson, try using Internet Explorer so that all the images print.
This activity is best completed online.
| Review and demonstrate what you've learned about vertebrates. | | |||
| Lesson Overview
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This activity is best completed online.
| Unit Review Use your knowledge of vertebrates to determine whether an animal is a fish, amphibian, reptile, bird, or mammal. | |||||||||
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| You may wish to review the characteristics of each vertebrate group by returning to the student Explore activities for each of the previous lessons in this unit. When you have finished, practice what you have learned by answering the review questions on the following screens. Then complete the Unit Assessment. 1. Explain the difference between vertebrates and invertebrates. 2. Which groups of vertebrates have an internal body temperature that usually stays the same no matter how the temperature of the surroundings change? 3. Which vertebrates have an internal body temperature that changes with the surroundings? 4. Name the two things that all fish have in common. 5. What type of fish has a soft and flexible skeleton? |
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Answer(s):
[1]
[1] vertebrates have a backbone and internal skeleton, and invertebrates do not
[2] birds and mammals
[3] fish, amphibians, and reptiles
[4] gills and fins
[5] cartilaginous fish
[2] birds and mammals
[3] fish, amphibians, and reptiles
[4] gills and fins
[5] cartilaginous fish
| 6. A bird's body is specially adapted for flying. Identify parts of a bird that makes flying possible. How many adaptations can you name? | |
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Answer(s):
[1]
[6] Answers may vary:
- wings, feathers, and hollow bones, which are lighter than solid bones, allow birds to take off and stay in the air
- strong chest muscles allow birds to flap their wings with powerful strokes
- good vision allow birds to find food from the air and fly around objects without bumping into them
- air sacs attached to their lungs provide birds with extra oxygen they need to fly
- a strong heart pumps blood and oxygen throughout the bird's body
- a crop stores extra food and continuously releases the food into the rest of the bird's digestive system for a constant supply of energy
- a gizzard help grind food for easy digestion
| 7. A kangaroo is a mammal whose babies crawl into a pouch after they are born. Name the two other ways mammals are born. 8. Mammals have certain things in common. How many can you name? 9. What characteristics make reptiles different from amphibians? 10. A fish is the only vertebrate that spends its entire life underwater. Which body part allows a fish to breathe underwater? |
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Answer(s):
[1]
[7] Some mammals lay eggs, but most mammals are born live.
[8] fur or hair, mammary glands that produce milk for their young, a constant internal body temperature, and different types of teeth
[9] reptiles have dry, scaly skin and amphibians usually have smooth, moist skin; reptiles lay tough, leathery eggs and amphibians lay soft, jelly-like eggs that must stay moist or else they will dry out; reptiles can lay their eggs on land but amphibians must lay their eggs in water; reptiles cannot breathe through their scaly skin, but amphibians can breathe through their moist, smooth skin; reptiles can live on land near both near and far from water, but amphibians must live in wet or moist environments
[10] gills
[8] fur or hair, mammary glands that produce milk for their young, a constant internal body temperature, and different types of teeth
[9] reptiles have dry, scaly skin and amphibians usually have smooth, moist skin; reptiles lay tough, leathery eggs and amphibians lay soft, jelly-like eggs that must stay moist or else they will dry out; reptiles can lay their eggs on land but amphibians must lay their eggs in water; reptiles cannot breathe through their scaly skin, but amphibians can breathe through their moist, smooth skin; reptiles can live on land near both near and far from water, but amphibians must live in wet or moist environments
[10] gills
| 11. Mammals have three main types of teeth. Look closely at these teeth. Explain the function of each type of tooth. 12. What type of vertebrate hatches from an egg and has gills and a tail, and then goes through a metamorphosis during which it grows lungs and legs? 13. Name each of the five groups of vertebrates. 14. Name two animals that belong to each vertebrate group. | |
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Answer(s):
[1]
[11] incisors: chisel-shaped front teeth used for cutting and gnawing;
canines: long, pointed teeth mammals used to stab and tear prey;
molars: broad, flat teeth that are good for grinding
[12] amphibians (frogs or toads)
[13] fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
[14] Answers will vary.
canines: long, pointed teeth mammals used to stab and tear prey;
molars: broad, flat teeth that are good for grinding
[12] amphibians (frogs or toads)
[13] fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
[14] Answers will vary.
Unit Assessment: Classification of Vertebrates
Learning Coach login is required to print this assessment and answer key. Please log in as the Learning Coach or print directly from the assessment within the lesson.
Assessment Sheet
Assessment Sheet Answer Key
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